11 – The Industrial World

This is just a simplified guide. The questions are not central to the discussion in this class, but rather basic starting points.

Jorge Majfud

1. What was the major new political perspective that matured during this century? What new social class emerged?

2. What new materials were introduced and revolutionized architecture during the 19th century?

3. With what new ideas is the architecture of this century associated?

4. What new types of buildings arose during this century?

5. Mention one architectural or design style that expresses the spirit of this century.

6. When and how did modern skyscrapers originate?

The Industrial World

Reticular structures / space frame: ** ,

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Roman concrete (MIT **), lime (calcium oxide CAO)

Portland cement, limestone (CaCO3), clay.

New material and technologies (XIX)

Iron, steel, carbon, stainless steel, chromium.

Iron and glass (new uses)

Aluminum (1886).

Reinforced concrete **, **, **, **, 

Reinforce concrete structures: ** ,

Leaning Tower of Nevyansk, Russia, 1721.

Francois Coignet, France, 1853. 

Joseph Monier (patented 1867, 877) iron meshes.

World’s first reinforced concrete bridge, (Monier, Paris, 1867) **, 

Trains (1820s) Electricity, urban lighting, elevators (1880), automobile (internal combustion (1885)

telegraph (M 1844), Radio (Marconi, 1894)

Paradigmatic works

Eiffel Tower (1889)

Palm House, (London, 1848), The Crystal Palace (London 1851)

Clifton Suspension Bridge (Suspended Bridge) (Bristol, 1863) **, (model) **, 

Vittorio Emanuelle Gallery (Milan, 1877)

John Ruskin (environmentalism, sustainability and craft) , William Morris (Arts and Crafts Movement **, **), Victor Horta. Tiffany Studios> Clara Driscoll, Agnes F. Northrop.

Art nouveau / Europe Belle Époque / US Progressive Era)

The Chicago School.

Skyscrapers

First Leiter Building (1879, William Le Baron Jenney) **

Home Insurance Building (William Le Baron Jenney, 1885) First skyscraper. **

Tower Building (NY 1889) **

Marquette Building (1895, Holabird & Roche.)

Fisher Building, 1896 (“neo-Gothic”)

Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis Sullivan, Frank Lloyd Wright

Wainwright Building (St Lous MI, Henry Sullivan, 1881) “Form ever follows function”/but **

Flatiron Building (NY, 1902)

AEG Turbine Factory by Peter Behrens (Berlin, 1909)

Fazlur Rahman Khan (tubular design) Sears Tower **,