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This is just a simplified guide. The questions are not central to the discussion in this class, but rather basic starting points.
Prof. Jorge Majfud
Questions
1. When did the first cities emerge?
2. What made the rise of cities possible?
3. When did the first civilizations emerge?
4. What are the fundamental components of architecture?
5. What role did myths and religion play in the development of early civilizations?
6. How did the emergence of written language transform early urban societies?
Origins
What are the possible origins of civilization?
Etymology: Civilization, Polis.
Why were they born there?
What is the civilizational importance of myths and religions?
The Origin of language and literature / written records
Major archaeological dating methods
The five most important archaeological dating methods are stratigraphy, typology/seriation, radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology, and luminescence dating. Stratigraphy determines relative age by examining the layers in which objects are found, with deeper layers generally being older; typology and seriation establish chronological sequences by comparing changes in the style and form of artifacts; radiocarbon dating (¹⁴C) determines the age of organic materials such as bone, charcoal, wood, and seeds, generally up to about 50,000 years; dendrochronology dates wooden materials by comparing their annual growth rings and can sometimes provide dates to the exact year; and luminescence dating, including thermoluminescence and optically stimulated luminescence, determines when minerals in materials such as pottery or sediments were last exposed to heat or sunlight. Uranium-Series dating measures the radioactive decay of uranium isotopes to determine the age of caves, stalagmites, stalactites, corals, and other mineral deposits. It is especially useful for dating prehistoric cave sites and rock art, particularly when radiocarbon dating cannot be used. Together, these methods allow archaeologists to construct reliable chronologies by combining relative dating with absolute or chronometric dating.
Paleolithic (3.3M-11,000)
Homo habilis and Homo erectus
Cradle of Humankind, South Africa, 2.3 million years. Australopithecus and early Homo.
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania (1.9 million years / Homo sapiens, 300,000 y) 1* (3′ video), 2* (2′ video),
Terra Amata (400,000) (still controversial)
Jebel Irhoud in Morocco Homo sapiens
Venus of Willendorf (25.000+)
Cave paintings. Altamira (used 36,000 to 13,000), Lascaux.
***
Mesolithic (In Europe it spans 15,000 to 5,000 BP; in Southwest Asia from 20,000 to 10,000 BP.)
***
The Fertile Crescent (U of Chicago)
Göbekli Tepe (12,000 y) First village in pre/history? First temple? 1* (2 min video), 2* (1’min v), 3* (1 min v),
Jericho (10,000 y) 1*, (one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world)
Tell Brak 1* (3min v),
***
Semiotics of architectural and urban elements
Some contributions of the Sumerians to history.
What are the differences between Sumerian and Egyptian architecture?
Humanization of architecture before Humanism (elements on a human scale)
Construction techniques and materials used.
- Ancient Middle East
Petra, Jordan **,
Egypt **,
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Architectural elements **,
anatomical reconstruction of an Egyptian man 2700 BC
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