By Sumit Gupta, PhD. Jawaharlal Nehru University, NewDelhi

The quest for the betterment of social and economicstatus has led human beings to move from one place to another from time immemorial. In this process, immigrants often encounter various changes and challenges that, at times, are easy to adapt and overcome, but in the majority of the cases, they find themselves struggling to adjust to the social, cultural, and political changes that they experience in the foreign land. And in order to adjust to a new country, they undergo a series of changes, like adapting to new cultures, customs, norms, and languages. The process of adjusting to the new culture and environment often leads to assimilation, discrimination, acculturation, alienation, and social exclusion. The present article aims to explore the above-mentioned harsh realities and the unrevealed face of the global world through the narratives of India and Latin America. The researcher will also attempt to see whether the undocumented immigrants only face the harsh realities in the new land and are unable to fulfil their ‘American dream’. Or is it the same situation for immigrants who enter the USA legally? The two works, Transmission and Crisis, reveal the grim reality of the globalised world, where injustice and discrimination go hand in hand in the name of progress and development. The chosen works deal with the problems of immigrants and the working class in the USA. The present article also attempts to highlight the socio-cultural problems— problems of assimilation, exploitation and discrimination—that immigrants encounter in new land, apart from the economic issues.

The chosen works highlight the experiences of people who leave their native places to settle in developed countries in the hope of a promising career and a better life. In both works, one witnesses that the protagonists see America as a land of fortune, where they can fulfil their dream of becoming rich. As described by James Truslow Adams, an American historian, in his book The Epic of America, the American dream is:

«That dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for every man, with opportunity for each according to his ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and high wages merely, but a dream of a social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to attain to the fullest stature of which they are innately capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position.» (404)

Therefore, our protagonists see America as a land of fortune, as described by James Truslow, where immediate success is guaranteed for them, but the moment they arrive in America, their hopes, dreams, and the image that they were carrying in their minds of America turn out to be a deception. Since, they find themselves in an appalling position compared to their native places, as the work they find in the new land is exploitative and underpaid.

In Transmission, Hari Kunzru, through his protagonists, reveals the bitter truth of the globalised world. His protagonists, Arjun Mehta, a software engineer and Guy Swift, head of the company Tomorrow, are shown as the victims of the present global order, where opportunities are for a few and disappointments for the majority, like our protagonists. Arjun, on receiving a job from Data bodies, which sends him to the US, finds himself in jeopardy, as initially he could not get the job, and when he gets it in spite of doing the job wholeheartedly, due to a financial crisis, he will be the first one to lose the job, as he is an outsider. In order to prove his worth and save his job, he creates a virus and plans to resolve it to show the company his capabilities and importance, but things don’t go as planned, and he becomes the cyber terrorist. He soon realises that the American dream was a deception, as the unfolding situations in the new land embitter his expectations and hopes from the new land. Similarly, Guy Swift also becomes the victim of the virus that Arjun creates, as he is arrested by the police due to his wrong identification with some transgressor due to the havoc created by the virus in their computer systems.

In Crisis, Jorge Majfud deals with the issues of immigrants, specifically Latin-American immigrants in the USA. As one starts reading the novel, the harsh reality and experiences of immigrants unfold. The work deals succinctly with the problems that immigrants face in the new land. Rejection, discrimination, assimilating to a new culture, earning a livelihood, and a lack of health facilities are the principal obstacles that generally immigrants face in the neo space. In Crisis, one also witnesses that the protagonists, like María Isabel Vásquez Jiménez, Guadalupe, Lupita, and others, see the USA as the only solution to the extreme poverty and economic problems that they face in their respective countries. The protagonists of Majfud represent the agony and despair of immigrants, who, in search of an enhanced life, leave their homeland without realising that obstacles in the new land are waiting for them. Mostly, the immigrants are considered outsiders by the host country and even seen as a social threat. They are not easily welcomed by the host country due to differences in cultural and social status.

As, Wang remarks, “In fact, in the early stage, even with the help of policy, the poor were exploited by the rich under the appealing of the American dream. Hence, the American dream is misleading and even can be seen as a trap for cheap labour force” (35). Hence, immigrants are often manhandled by the companies, who use them as cheap labour without granting them any rights. For example, in the novel Crisis, one observes the harsh realities that immigrants facein thenew land. Thenovel begins with the description of MaríaIsabel Vásquez Jiménez, who, from México, enters the USA and dies working in an exploitative condition in the vineyard due to a heart attack. Thestory of María Isabel in Crisis represents the exploitative nature of the big corporations that exploit these helpless people who leave their native places due to extreme poverty and hunger. The story of María Isabel represents the treatment that immigrants get in developed countries. To quote from the novel:

«Quizás nunca podamos imaginar los miedos de María al dejar su pueblo con tan pocos años y tan poco conocimiento del mundo exterior, sus nervios al llegar a Putla para contactar a un coyote, el vértigo y el cansancio de su paso por la ilegalidad…Pero algo salió mal. El 14 de mayo el termómetro marcó casi cuarenta grados centígrados a la sombra. Después de nueve horas bajo el sol despiojando retoños de las vides, María se sintió mareada. Tambaleándose, caminó hacia su novio y antes de llegar se desplomó… Dos días después, María y su hijo de dos meses de vientre murieron de insolación.» (Majfud 8-9)

This episode throws light on the extreme inhuman conditions under which immigrants work. They are only seen as cheap labour in the new land, and their exploitation is done for economic benefits. And the immigrants who leave their country in the hope of a better future and economic prosperity find themselves entrapped in the vicious cycle of cruelty. Therefore, the immigrants without any social or legal rights in the new place often live an isolated life because the fear of deportation always haunts their minds.

Therefore, in both novels, one observes that the protagonists see the USA, as described by James Truslow, as aland of prosperity and fortune wherethey will not betroubled by the problems they were facing in their homelands. But in reality, when they get the chance to live their «American Dream,» they find America totally opposite of what they have watched, heard, and read on television, in the news, and in books. Their optimism about the new land soon turns into dejection. They see themselves trapped in a net of false hopes and promises, where they are seeing themselves turning into cheap labour. The difficulties, harsh realities, hardships, and physical and psychological traumas that immigrants go through are very well reflected by one of the characters of Hari Kunzru. Arjun Mehta, who wants to fulfil his American Dream, moves to America, but the reality turns out to be different from what he expected. He finds himself jobless for a year. In the novel, one observes the deceptive and exploitative sides of Arjun’s job in the new land, when he is informed about the nature of his job. To quote from the novel:

Good. Until the second day, when Arjun asked where he would be working and was told that the job Databodies had guaranteed him was not in fact guaranteed at all. He would have to interview by phone with potential clients. Until at his induction meeting he shook the hand of a man who seemed like a clone of Sunny Srinivasan…who coldly informed him that until he successfully secured a post, Databodies would pay him a grand total of $500 a month, half of which would be taken back as rent for the house-share. Arjun reminded him of the $50,000 a year his contract guaranteed. Sunny’s brother-in-law shrugged. If you don’t like it, he said, you can always go back home. You’ll owe us for your visa and ticket, and we’ll have to charge you an administrative fee for the inconvenience. Ten thousand should cover it. Rupees? No, bhai, dollars. (Hari Kunzru 40)

This eye-opening event in a foreign land acquaints him with the realities of the globalised world, where his «American Dream» turns out to be a nightmare. Like other immigrants, he also experienced a long period of unemployment. And even after getting the job, the fear of termination bothers him, so he creates a virus deliberately imagining that after finding a solution to the problem, he will get a stable position in the company. And ultimately, he gets consumed by the very thing that attracted him. Likewise, the protagonists of Majfud also express the bitter experiences, difficulties, and pains faced by undocumented immigrants in the USA. The protagonists of Majfud are also from economically backward regions and also desire better living conditions and better employment, but in reality, like Arjun Mehta and Guy Swift, the protagonists of Majfud also meet the same fate. They also see themselves in the new land without social and legal rights. The protagonists of Majfud expose the truth of the globalised world, where people from developing countries get trapped in the false promises and opportunities claimed by globalisation, and they are exploited and used as cheap labour. And many times, due to extreme exploitative working conditions, they even lose their lives. In the novel, María Isabel, a Mexican girl, reflects the exploitative nature of big corporations, who use them as cheap labour without granting them any legal or social rights. The immigrants who are without documents or enter America illegally are generally the first preference of the companies, as they are not given any legal rights and are also underpaid. Without any legal or social rights, they are massively exploited. They are generally in demand as cheap labour but not accepted as citizens. As Navarro remarks, “Without the availability of a large pool of cheap exploitable migrant labour, the country’s economy would come to a halt—in short, an economic paralysis would occur. Undeniably, undocumented workers perform jobs that most U.S. domestic workers refuse to perform” (xxxii).

So, here one notes that the illegal immigrants are accepted for the sole purpose of their exploitation and the benefit of the big corporates. As Lenin rightfully asserts, “There can be no doubt that dire poverty alone compels people to abandon their native land, and that the capitalists exploit the immigrant workers in the most shameless manner…” (qtd. in Smith 31). Both works represent the same preoccupation, i.e., the condition of immigrants in the USA. The protagonists of both novels, who leave their homelands in the search of a better future and prosperity, are seen struggling for the basic amenities rather than the bright future and success they had imagined before coming to America. They often feel isolated, dejected, and alienated and live in constant fear of deportation. They are often maltreated and exploited due to a lack of social security, and people often take advantage of their situations by exploiting and harassing them. In Crisis, one observes how Nacho is treated badly and cruelly in public gatherings. As reflected in one of the events of the novel, Nacho is invited to a birthday party, and while leaving the party, he kisses and hugs Lilian, which is a common custom in most Hispanic countries. But his kissing and hugging resulted in a cultural shock for the Lilian family. They accuse him of sexual harassment and deliberately threaten him that they are going to call the migration police since they know that Nacho’s parents were undocumented immigrants. The above incident sheds light on the challenges that immigrants face in day-to-day life in the new land. The host country sees these immigrants as others, and the people of the host country never accept their culture and customs; rather, the immigrants are expected to learn everything about the host country, thus, in the process, immigrants are forced to disregard their own culture and traditions, leading to assimilation. ‘‘Ellos siempre avanzan así, no respetan el espacio personal. Dicen que los latinos son así, pero si vienen a este país deben comportarse según las reglas de este país’’ (Majfud 46). Thus, these disrespectful incidents force immigrants to live isolated lives. The novel also highlights other issues, like the fear that haunts every immigrant’s mind. And due to this fear, many times they are vulnerable to physical and psychological suffering. In the novel, Nacho is always seen as afraid of the police, and when someone steals his wallet in the metro while he was going to the airport to catch his flight, rather than making a police complaint, he returns back to his home, fearing they might deport him, as his parents were undocumented immigrants. The novel highlights the traumas that many immigrants face throughout their lives. As reflected in the novel, Nacho, who is not an illegal immigrant, always lives in fear of deportation, and many times criminals take advantage of their fear by targeting them.

The above analysis of two works exposes the problems faced by both legal and illegal immigrants in America. In both works, one observes how the protagonists try their best to achieve prosperity and a better life through determination and hard work, but soon they witness their ´American Dream´ turning into a nightmare. We see our protagonists fall into two categories: those who don’t see any hope of progress and growth in their own country, and are suffering from extreme poverty. The second category of protagonists are like Arjun Mehta, who wants to go to America to improve his financial as well as social status. But in both cases, the protagonists fail to achieve their dreams because of the capitalist system,which always sees them as cheap labour and a source of profits. Big corporations always keep immigrants in subordinate positions so that they can be easily exploited. The analysed works reveal that neither of the two categories of immigrants achieves their goals. As in both cases, the protagonists are seen as cheap labourers in the new land, and they are struggling for their daily bread instead of a content and respectable job.

HISPANIC HORIZON. Journal of the Centre of Spanish, Portuguese, Italian&LatinAmericanStudies, 2019.

Haz clic para acceder a HISPANIC-HORIZON-2019.pdf

Bibliography

Adams, James T. «The Epic of America, 433 p.» Boston, Little (1931).

Alba, Richard. “Mexican Americans and the American Dream.” Perspectives on Politics, vol. 4, no. 2, 2006, pp. 289–96. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3688267.

Kunzru, Hari. Transmission. Penguin, 2005.

Majfud, Jorge. Crisis. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.

Navarro, Armando. The immigration crisis: Nativism, armed vigilantism, and the rise of a countervailing movement. Rowman Altamira, 2008.